Cerebral palsy Free Essay Example, 2000 words

In severe cases, excessive adduction of the legs makes application of the diaper difficult. The child may adopt scissoring posture when suspended by the axillae. Seizures are rare in these children and most of them have normal intellectual development (Haslam, 2000). The most severe form of CP is spastic quadriplegia. Children who are affected with this type of CP have motor impairment of all the limbs including the trunk. They have recurrent seizures and marked mental retardation. They have supranuclear bulbar palsies because of which they have swallowing difficulties leading to aspiration pneumonia. They eventually develop flexor contractures of the knees and elbow, developmental disabilities and speech and visual abnormalities (Haslam, 2000). Athetotic cerebral palsy: This is also referred to as extrapyramidal CP or dyskinetic CP. It affects the entire body and often causes uncontrolled, slow movements. It is seen in children who have suffered from kernicterus in the new born period (Haslam, 2000). Its incidence has diminished now owing to the aggressive management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia these days. Children suffering from this type of CP are usually hypotonic with marked head lag and poor head control. We will write a custom essay sample on Cerebral palsy or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now These children may have difficulty in feeding. They have drooling of saliva due to tongue thrust. The athetoid movements become evident at the age of one year. Involvement of oropharyngeal muscles leads to speech difficulties. Seizures and mental retardation are rare (Haslam, 2000). Ataxic cerebral palsy: This is the least common of the major types of cerebral palsy. It affects depth perception, balance and coordination. Hypotonic cerebral palsy: In this form of CP, the child is hypotonic. This form of CP eventually turns into either spastic or athetotic form. Mixed forms of CP: Children may have more than one of the 4 forms. Differential diagnosis CP needs to be differentiated from other conditions like spinal cord dysfunction, temporary motor problems resulting from closed head injuries, seizures, drug overdoses, or some brain tumors, muscular dystrophy, peripheral neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie- Tooth disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, progressive neurologic disorders (including Retts syndrome, leukodystrophy, and Tay-Sachs disease), chromosomal anomalies ( trisomy 13 and 18) and congenital disorders (hereditary spastic paraplegia) (Wilmington, "Cerebral palsy program"). Diagnosis The diagnosis of CP is purely clinical. CP may be suspected in a child in whom development of mile stones is delayed and the child has abnormal muscle tone, abnormal movements, abnormal reflexes and persistent infantile reflexes.

Critical Analysis of Problems and Issues in Education...

The School Voucher program was designed to give families a choice about where their children could go to school. The program offered a fixed dollar amount each year to put toward a child’s tuition. Their choices ranged from private or parochial schools, these are schools that many of these children may not experience otherwise. Charter schools were also options because they are run much like private schools. The thought behind voucher programs is that a sense of competition would be created. The hope is that a higher educational output and an improved level of education would be provided. Proponents of the program believe that children from poor public school districts should have the same opportunity for quality education as kids in†¦show more content†¦Although, the system would help some students they would not help them all, vouchers are offered in limited numbers. As each state works through this political quagmire, the debate continues. School vouchers are not the savior to public education that they set out to be, as long as the vouchers are not offered to everyone equally. Funding to public education continues to be under siege so allocating funding toward a voucher program that everyone can not access may not be the best use of these dollars. The assumption that a sense of competition may develop among schools for the best and the brightest may be true but what about schools that can not compete. What happens to the children that will be left behind? Is the federal government prepared to improve public schools that are suffering from lack of funds? â€Å"School voucher programs undermine two great American traditions: universal public education and the separation of church and state† (Anti-Defamation League, 2005). While researching the voucher system this writer found that there are several factors to take into consideration such as: is the use of funds for the voucher program the best use of educational funds, what happens to the kids left behind in the public schools who do not get a voucher or can not afford to take advantage of the option,Show MoreRelatedCritical Opinion On Critical Thinking1401 Words   |  6 Pagesface various challenges that require solutions. Most of the time we are able to solve these problems with minimum effort, at other times, however, the problems may be more complex and solutions to them may not be readily available. This will present us with various challenges and may require us to employ critical thinking. Critical thinking is an important skill burden of responsibility of ensuring the problems of a contemporary society are understood and well interpreted and a solution presented. 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My Most Beneficial Personal Quality Free Essays

I have taken advantage of the education opportunities presented me thus far to prepare for college in many ways. First and foremost I have ensured that I have enjoyed a wide variety of classes and electives to provide me the opportunity to explore as broad a subject selection as possible. Most of the courses I have focused on in my senior year have been college preparatory. We will write a custom essay sample on My Most Beneficial Personal Quality or any similar topic only for you Order Now College preparation however is much more than academics alone. I have also experienced many educational opportunities that exist outside the realm of traditional ‘academics’. These experiences have prepared me more so for my college experiences than my preparatory courses. I have for example faced many challenges while growing up. During my four years of high school I engaged in a variety of extracurricular activities and clubs that taught me much more about the ways that people interact and communicate than I ever would have initially assumed. Participating in many volunteer organizations and student achievement groups, I realized that not two people interact in the same way. Most people I learned are products of many different elements including their beliefs, values, morals and faith. One’s religious ideals, culture and even familial upbringing can all influence their perceptions on life, their ability and motivation to interact with others and their desire to achieve. With this knowledge I learned new and exciting ways to interact with people, even those that were very different from me and with those that held very different beliefs. In fact in most of my pursuits I found myself drawn to those with conflicting ideals and moralisms, in part because they challenges me to learn more about myself and question the beliefs I held true about the world in which we live. I believe it is through these types of interactions that we actually learn everything there is to know of the world. We need to rely on people that challenge us and our views so we open our eyes and get a better understanding of the world in which we live. I feel these diverse educational experiences while not academic, have prepared me for life in the university more so than any classroom instruction may have or will in the future. I bring to the University of California a unique ability to network and work personally with people. By far my most beneficial personal quality is my ability to build relationships and communicate with a wide diversity of people from varying backgrounds, cultures and environments. In today’s society it is vital for anyone to understand the importance of interpersonal skills and relationships both on a personal and from a professional perspective. More and more the world is operating in a global business environment. Modern technology has afforded people the opportunity to communicate from once remote locations. What this means is that people from all over the world with all manner of different morals, values and beliefs are not just communicating with one another but also working together to create a better world. As members of a global society I feel it is vital that we all have the ability to communicate effectively with one another. Sometimes this takes the guidance and direction of a true interpersonal leader. I believe I am possessed of those traits. I have throughout my high school career taken great care to interact with people from various backgrounds and ethnicities. I have participated in multiple groups, clubs and organizations that have enabled better exposure to different people and have helped me learn better ways to communicate with one another. I have also witnessed first hand what happens when communication goes bad, and have since committed myself to facilitating solid communications and interactions between people. I believe this personal trait will benefit the University of California in many ways. The University of California is one of the nations top universities; home to thousands of unique students and home of many of the nations top academic programs. Early on I knew that more than anything I wanted to pursue the best education I could afford. To succeed in today’s world business professionals and students must be possessed of a wide range of skills that are best learned in a University environment. I feel that throughout my life I have already faced many unique challenges and obstacles. I was not always a committed student, lacking the insight and motivation necessary to excel in my classes early on. However experience has taught me that little in the world is more valuable than an education. Every day on the news we hear stories of tragedy. Hurricanes that devastate infamous regions, terrorism that destroys the livelihood and communities of varying regions†¦ these are all modern realities we must learn to cope with. To address the often-turbulent environment we live in today, it is vital that we all commit ourselves to one another and our communities. I feel that I can best do this by excelling in my education. Through my university education I hope to learn not only of the fine nuances of other communities, but also about key demographics about the worlds’ population and needs entering the upcoming decades. How to cite My Most Beneficial Personal Quality, Papers

Business Strategy Long-Term Planning to Position

Question: Describe about the Business Strategy of Long-Term Planning to Position. Answer: Introduction The business strategy of a company is termed as a long-term planning to position itself uniquely in the competitive landscape of the industry through a sustainable competitive advantage. This report carries out the strategic analysis and evaluation of Rocket Internet by analyzing the resources and capabilities, threshold and dynamic capabilities, and VRIO analysis of the firm(Johnson, Scholes,and Whittington, 2009). 1. Companys Resources and Competences Resources and competences emphasize the strategic capabilities of Rocket Internet. Rocket Internet is one of the leading firms in the world for the largest rocket internet platform that creates, develops, and scales the business framework for the e-commerce companies or online businesses. It deploys physical (Physical lay-outs, start-ups investors, Kinnevik, JP Morgan, patents, designs, and database), financial (funds, balance sheet, cash flow, income statement, and suppliers funds statement), and human resources (MBA level graduates executives, executive entrepreneurs, managers, employees, suppliers, customers, and shareholders), and technological (computer system, internet system, and information technology)to attain a unique competitive advantage in the competitive industry(Hitt,Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2014). Rocket Internet uses technology, infrastructure, and process to develop a large rocket network of e-commerce companies or online businesses. The availability of skilled and talented workforce, multicultural management teams, specialized training schedules and learning programs, use of local management and global standards, and high performance working culture make the human resources valuable and enhance the performance standards of the company. By using the latest technologies, infrastructure network, and skills of the workforce, it creates a strong platform of e-commerce businesses through accessing the large e-commerce companies(Rocket Internet, 2014). (Source: Rocket Internet Company Report, 2014) On the other hand, the competences refer to the organizational skills and capabilities that are used to deploy the business resources through the technology, infrastructure, activities and processes of the company. The competences provide a sustainable competitive advantage to the firm in the competitive landscape of the industry. The competencies of Rocket Internet refers to target new business models, imitate them, high customer responsiveness, speed, efficiency, capacity to adapt, and innovation that provide the firm strategic advantage. It creates value through the transferring business skills, infrastructural support, internal incentive system, and independent business network(Alkhafaziand Nelson, 2013). The specialized training schedules, learning programs, high performance working culture, and e-learning studies assist to enhance the skills and abilities of the workforce.The ability of Rocket Internet to provide the high-end business solution to e-commerce companies and online businesses is more likely to provide a sustainable competitive advantage to the firm in the competitive industry. 2. Companys Distinct, Threshold and Dynamic Capabilities Rocket internet is one of the leading start-up incubator and venture capitalist firms which provide the largest rocket internet platform for the e-commerce companies and online businesses around the world. The company has dynamic, distinct, and threshold capabilities to attain the sustainable competitive advantage in the competitive global industry. The company is focused on sharing the largest possible share of e-commerce companies and online customer spending in the global markets. The dynamic capabilities of Rocket Internet includerocket network of e-commerce companies, highly specialized workforce, cross-cultural teams, technological infrastructure network, global access to online businesses, centralized business model, and high-end technological solution. It provides the high-end technological solution to the e-commerce companies and online businesses. The transferrable business skills, infrastructural support, global network connectivity, standardized master launch process, and proven business model enhance the strategic capability of the company to deliver the high-tech solutions to the e-commerce companies (Amazon, e-Bay, UBER, Grubhub, and Airbnb). It identifies the needs of the online customer spending, develops the business models, and scales-up the company. The firm has good financial (good capital investments and credit offering) and human resources (specialized and executive workforce, skilled and talented managers, assets, and properties)and techno logical infrastructure network(Johnson,Scholes, and Whittington, 2009). On the other hand, the distinct capabilities of Rocket internet assist the firm in attaining the sustainable competitive advantage in the competitive landscape of industry. It is the founder of rocket internet; first founded by Samwer Brothers(Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, Angwin, and Regner, 2014). It has powerful brand presence and unique patent and designs to deliver the high-end technological solution to the e-commerce companies or online customer spending. It has unparalleled experience in scaling the internet businesses at international level. It has highly structured practices, deep technical and operational expertise, and centralized IP with regional execution.It has a centralized business model which covers the strategies, activities, and decisions shaped by the management of headquarter. It is known for high efficiency, effectiveness, and speed for launching the new business models(Robertson and Caldart, 2009). It has a standardized recruitment procedure of HR management t eam to select the skilled, talented and experienced candidates. It also has an intense entrepreneurship culture including the long working hours, busier schedules, high job pressure, and little job security. It also comprises global infrastructure development system, centralized distribution network, and global venture development team for developing the business ventures on the international scale. The threshold capabilities emphasize the ability of Rocket Internet to achieve parity with the competitors and to compete in the given market by achieving the high customer responsiveness. The threshold competences of Rocket Internet include specialize in IT software and programming, unique patent and design, web design skills for product development. It uses the latest technological tools, web programming, software, and IT tools to access the global online businesses across the globe(Kumar, 2010). It has the ability of cloning on others ideas and specialization to execute them in the suitable markets. The firm has more than 250 specialists to deal with different sections of operations. It has assisted to develop, create, and scale the business model for 100 start-ups e-commerce companies and is currently active in 50 e-commerce portfolio companies. It has been operating a large rocket internet network of 25 global international rocket offices. Rocket Internet has a strong financial backup, such as JP Morgan, Kinnevik.It also has 750 employees in Rocket Internet office and 15,000 employees in Rocket internet companies. Task 3 VRIO Analysis VRIO analysis is an important strategic framework that can be used to analyze the strategic positioning of Rocket Internet by identifying the resource capabilities and competences of the firm(Jurevicius, 2013). VRIO refers to valuable, rare, imitate and organized resources or elements that can be used to attain a sustainable competitive advantage in the relevant industry. Different types of physical, human, financial, technological, and organizational resources are deployed by Rocket Internet to attain the strategic advantage in the competitive landscape of the industry. Speed, efficiency, scalability, stability, and security are the key principles for building technology at Rocket Internet. Excellent leadership, high performance working culture, good brand portfolio, teamwork, coordinated and well managed activities, strong financial base and innovative ideas are some organizational disciplines of Rocket Internet that make the firm to attain a competitive advantage in the global ind ustry(Frynas and Mellahi, 2015). (Source: VRIO Framework explained: SMI, 2013) The skilled, technical and experienced human resources have also potential to create a sustainable competitive advantage for the firm. Rocket Internet has a team of functional experts, regional leaders, and entrepreneurs that enhance its ability to global access by targeting the large e-commerce companies(Hill and Jones, 2012).The multitasking workforce, high performance working culture, cross-cultural management teams, continuous training and learning facilities, setting performance standards and performance appreciation and reward system make the human resources valuable to provide the firm a sustainable competitive advantage.The distinct capabilities, dynamic capabilities, and threshold capabilities assists the firm to attaina sustainable competitive advantage. The standardized launching system, innovative business model, internal incentive system, high-end technological solution, and rocket internet network of the e-commerce companies provide the firm the competitive advantage in the competitive industry(Grant, Hackney, and Edgar, 2010). Technical expertise, operational excellence, skilled workforce, technological inventions, wide use of informational technology, and high structured business practices provide the firm a sustainable competitive advantage in the dynamic industry. The predictable and repeatable technological resources, strategic partnerships and agreements, and consistent return across portfolio vintages provide the firm the strategic advantage in the competitive industry. High customer responsiveness and retention, high speed, capacity to adapt, innovation, efficiency, and effectiveness assist the firm to attain a sustainable competitive advantage. The organized and imitate resources provide the firm temporary competitive advantage. The worldwide connectivity, unique patent and latest designs, web programming and apps, IT tools, marketing channels, CRM tools, and data warehousing provide the firm strategic advantage to deliver the complete business solution to the online business firms(Thomsonand Martin, 2010). Conclusion From the above strategic analysis and evaluation, it can be concluded that Rocket Internet is one of the fastest growing venture capital firmsin the world that provides a business platform for the online businesses or e-commerce companies. From the VRIO analysis, it has been concluded that the company has strong ability to attain a sustainable competitive advantage in the relevant competitive industry by utilizing the resources, competencies, skills, and talents of the workforce.Along with this, the threshold, distinct, and dynamic capabilities provide its strategic advantage in the competitive industry. References Alkhafazi, A., and Nelson, A. R. (2013) Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation, and Control in a Dynamic Environment. UK: Routledge. Frynas, G. J. and Mellahi, K. (2015) Global Strategic Management. London: Oxford University Press. Grant, K., Hackney, R., and Edgar, D. (2010) Strategic Information Systems Management. USA: Cengage Learning EMEA. Hill, C. and Jones, G. (2012) Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. USA: Cengage Learning. Hitt, M., Ireland, D. R., and Hoskisson, R. (2014)Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases: Competitiveness and Globalization. UK: Cengage Learning. Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2009)Exploring Corporate Strategy. Great Britain: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Johnson, G., Scholes, K., and Whittington, R. (2009)Exploring Corporate Strategy. Great Britain: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Johnson, G., Whittington, R., Scholes, K., Angwin, D., and Regner, P. (2014) Exploring Strategy [Online]. Available at: https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/h/1eavvlwga9use/?view=attth=156b1fc3443226bdattid=0.1disp=attdrealattid=f_is5xr5pz0safe=1zw (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Jurevicius, O. (2013) Strategic management: VRIO Framework [Online]. Available at: https://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/tools/vrio.html (Accessed: 23 August 2016) Robertson, A. D. and Caldart, A. A. (2009) The Dynamics of Strategy: Mastering Strategic Landscapes of the Firm. California: OUP Oxford. Rocket Internet (2014) Rocket Internet Company Report [Online]. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/webrazzi/rocket-internet-company (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Thomson, L. J. and Martin, F. (2010) Strategic Management: Awareness Change. UK: Cengage Learning EMEA.

Reinsurance Business Essays - Types Of Insurance, Reinsurance

Reinsurance Business QUOTA SHARE REINSURANCE AGREEMENT DWVD NO. 900804 for BASIC COLLEGE ACCIDENT AND SICKNESS MEDICAL EXPENSE INSURANCE (hereinafter referred to as the Agreement) made and entered into by GERBER LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY White Plains, NY (hereinafter referred to as the Company) and PHOENIX HOME LIFE MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY Enfield, CT (hereinafter referred to as the Reinsurer) EFFECTIVE: January 1, 1999 - December 31, 1999 Table of Contents ARTICLE I ? PARTIES TO AGREEMENT 1 ARTICLE II ? BASIS OF REINSURANCE 2 ARTICLE III ? RETENTION AND LIMIT 3 ARTICLE IV ? INURING REINSURANCE 4 ARTICLE V ? FACULTATIVE REINSURANCE 5 ARTICLE VI - EXCLUSIONS 6 ARTICLE VII ? EFFECTIVE DATE AND DURATION OF AGREEMENT 7 ARTICLE VIII ? REINSURANCE PREMIUMS 8 ARTICLE IX ? PREMIUM REPORTS 9 ARTICLE X ? CEDING ALLOWANCE/EXPENSES 10 ARTICLE XI ? CURRENCY 11 ARTICLE XII ? CLAIMS NOTIFICATION 12 ARTICLE XIII ? CLAIMS SETTLEMENT AND AUDIT 14 ARTICLE XIV ? EXTRA CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS 15 ARTICLE XV ? SUBROGATION 16 ARTICLE XVI ? COMMUTATION 17 ARTICLE XVII ? CLAIMS FUND 18 ARTICLE XVIII ? OFFSET 19 ARTICLE XIX ? TERRITORY 20 ARTICLE XX ? OVERSIGHTS 21 ARTICLE XXI ? ACCESS TO RECORDS 22 ARTICLE XXII ? INSOLVENCY 23 ARTICLE XXIII ? ARBITRATION 24 ARTICLE XXIV - CONTROLLING LAW 25 ARTICLE XXV ? SEVERABILITY 26 ARTICLE XXVI ? UNAUTHORIZED REINSURERS 27 ARTICLE XXVII ? TAXES 29 ARTICLE XXVIII ? FEDERAL EXCISE TAX 30 ARTICLE XXIX ? CONFIDENTIALITY 31 ARTICLE XXX ? ENTIRE AGREEMENT 32 ARTICLE XXXI ? INTERMEDIARY 33 ARTICLE XXXII ? EXECUTION 34 ARTICLE I ? PARTIES TO AGREEMENT This Agreement is solely between the Company and the Reinsurer and the performance of obligations of each party under this Agreement shall be rendered solely to the other party. In no instances shall anyone other than the Company or the Reinsurer have any rights under this Agreement except recognizing the Company has the sole responsibility for the evaluation and appointment of the Underwriting Manager, Managed Care Concepts of Delaware, Inc. (MCCI). Further, it is agreed that Associated Accident and Health Reinsurance Underwriters (AAHRU), a participating Reinsurer, is deemed to be the Lead Reinsurer. In that capacity, any and all actions of the Lead Reinsurer shall be made in the best interest of this Agreement and binding upon the other reinsurers. Should the Company appoint a new Underwriting Manager, the Reinsurer must approve any change in the Underwriting Manager, otherwise the Reinsurer has the right to cancel at the time of change. This Agreement shall be binding upon the parties, their heirs, and successors, if any. ARTICLE II ? BASIS OF REINSURANCE On and after the effective date of this Agreement, the Company shall cede and the Reinsurer shall accept as reinsurance, a Quota Share portion, as shown within ARTICLE XXXII ? EXECUTION, of the liability on policies, binders, contracts or agreements of insurance, hereinafter referred to as policies, issued or renewed by the Company on or after the effective date of this Agreement and underwritten for and on behalf of the Company by the Underwriting Manager and classified as Basic College Accident and Sickness Medical Expense Insurance, as described below: Basic College Accident and Sickness Medical Expense Insurance: Excess of all other valid and collectible insurance issued to the eligible students (various classes including, domestic undergraduate, domestic graduate and foreign students) and their eligible dependents. If the eligible student does not have primary insurance, this plan will be primary. Some plans may be written on a primary basis for which benefits will then be coordinated with any other plan in which the student is covered as a dependent. Premiums must be paid before insurance is in force and valid. The maximum benefit per individual covered insured is $500,000. ARTICLE III ? RETENTION AND LIMIT The Reinsurer agrees to accept a fixed proportion of 85% of the first $500,000 per person per risk for all business subject to this Agreement. The Company agrees to retain for its own account 15% of the first $500,000 per person per risk for business subject to this Agreement. ARTICLE IV ? INURING REINSURANCE Inuring Reinsurance ? The Company and the Reinsurer agree to purchase excess of loss reinsurance that insures to the benefit of all basic quota share participants of this treaty for all per person risks that exceed $500,000. The purchase price and reinsurance security to be approved by the Company and Lead Reinsurer. Should acceptable reinsurance not be available, the Company and Lead Reinsurer will revise this Agreement accordingly. ARTICLE V ? FACULTATIVE REINSURANCE For business that does not meet

The Impressionistic Period Essays - French Art, Impressionism

The Impressionistic Period Essays - French Art, Impressionism The Impressionistic Period THE IMPRESSIONISTIC PERIOD The Impressionistic Period took place during the latter half of the 19th century and the beginning half of the 20th century. Impressionistic music was first started by Claude Debussy, a French composer. He also founded the impressionist school of music. The Impressionistic Period started as a revolt against German romanticism. The influence of the French impressionist paintings also helped form this style of music. Debussys music was brief, elegant, and rather cold, unlike the period before, which held sentimental music. At one point in his life, he broke away and composed a piece which was more conventional, called La Mer, which means the sea. There were many different composers during the Impressionistic Period. Some of them were Manuel de Falla, Fredrick Delius, Ralph Williams Vaughan, and Ottorino Respighi. These and other composers helped to make up the Impressionistic Period. Delius and Vaughan were English composers. La Falla was a Spanish composer. Impressionistic music was especially popular in the European countries. Impressionistic music was influenced by Claude Monets painting, Sunrise. Other impressionistic artists were Camile Pissaro, Auguste Renior, Edgar Degas, and Berthe Morisot. Many people of the time rejected this style of art. The paintings were flooded with bright colors applied directly to the canvas in small textured strokes. This style broke the consistency of the clearly outlined and represented paintings of this time. Impressionistic music had a vagueness of form and the elusive mark of impressionism. Some characteristics are the use of unconventional chord changes, comparative unimportance of melody, and pentatonic scales often replaced the major and minor scales. The Impressionistic Period was also famous for its literature. Impressionism in literature often is used broadly, including symbolism, imagism, and other styles that were not formal, some leaders in impressionistic literature were not formal, some leaders in impressionistic literature were American poets, Amy Lowell and Ezra Pound. The Impressionistic Period was a great influence on many people of the time. We still remember it today as a great step forward in musical history.

How and why are the Swedish and American welfare states so different Essay

How and why are the Swedish and American welfare states so different - Essay Example Welfare states can also be discussed on the basis of the state welfare. This is an interpretation of the forms of welfare being provided by the country. Analysts argue that this form of welfare is mostly evident in countries like U.S.A. where the government has displayed endless efforts, in an attempt to care for all its citizens. Over the years, U.S.A. has been rated among the many countries that have shown endless efforts in the provision of services to the country. In terms of social protection model, many welfare states, especially the ones that are in the Scandinavian regions and West Europe, protection of the citizens is provided by a group of voluntary organizations, the government, public service amongst other groups of people and individuals. Such countries that enjoy the provision of services by a group of people and organizations are regarded as welfare states. In this context, therefore, it is justified to argue that, welfare states have a wide range of meanings on the basis of various analysts and researchers. In order to understand to the concept of welfare states, it is important to highlight the issue of welfare states by evaluating welfare states. A comprehensive comparison of the policies of different countries, by analyzing the actions taken by each in these countries, welfare can be understood on these grounds. For instance, an analysis of the policies in U.S.A. and Europe display variations in countries of these regions. An analysis of the resources that are useful for wellbeing provision should be the focus on population structures of the countries. Production can be also sensible attribute in measurement of the positions welfare states are holding at the moment. Various states have various means of operating their structures that are peculiar for other welfare states. An understanding of welfare states can be made possible by c omparing the operations of various welfare states.

Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Marketing - Research Paper Example The campaign included a brand which was well known is Ireland "Race Against Waste-Reduce, Reuse, Recycle". This waste management campaign is one of the most successful in history. RPS played a major role in engaging major sectors by creating awareness and implementation of sustainable waste management. Several programs were developed to address waste management throughout the country by targeting all sectors (AlMa’adeed, et al, 2011). As a result, recycling rate in Ireland rose to 35% from 13%. The success of this campaign can be measured through the many awards it won. In Qatar, there is a waste management concern throughout the country. This is because Qatar is emerging to be one of the fastest growing economies thereby increasing the total amount of waste produced. Currently, Qatar is one of the biggest generator id waste with per capita waste generation rates of 1.8kg daily, over 7,000 tons of solid waste daily and municipal wastes over 2.5 million tons annually. Municipalities handle waste management through logistics or through contracting the private sector. The main method of waste disposal in landfills where waste is discharged from collection points by trucks. Land availability in Qatar is limited, as such, landfills are not a practical waste management strategy. It is therefore imperative to note that Qatar needs a comprehensive multi-faceted waste management strategy (Wilson, 2007). The target market for this campaign is the oil companies. Qatar is one of the leading producers and suppliers of oil. As such, it is prudent for the oil and gas companies to appreciate the need for environmental protection through evaluation of their waste management practices. The oil sector produces hazardous waste which is harmful to the environment and health of the public. Waste from oil companies include industrial waste, oil sludge, shipping waste, removal of blockage from pressure technique

Your Change Story Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Your Change Story - Assignment Example As a competitor, IBM marketed its products through the slogan â€Å"Think†. To position themselves above IBM, Steve Jobs created the slogan â€Å"Think Different† and removed the word â€Å"computer† from the company name. His vision in doing this was that it would remove the notion that Apple’s only specialty was computers, which brought in innovative products in other fields such as iPods, iPhones and iPads. The reason behind the success of such diversity was the creation of a new platform for mobile applications through the App store as well as music through iTunes. In particular, the iPad successfully captured the tablet market. This was a bold move away from traditions, where it would be expected that a company would identify a market segment and strive to meet that segment’s needs. Instead, Apple sought to serve a wide range of consumers in an approach that can be perceived as â€Å"something for everyone†. They have high-end computers for serious business people, fancy mobile phones for the youth, iPods for portable music for teenagers and iPads for travelling business

Constructability And The Safe Design Principles Construction Essay

Constructability And The Safe Design Principles Construction Essay Constructability Safe Design Principles serves as a preliminary process to provide Parsons Engineers, and the Construction Management Engineers an easy methodology to identify constructability issues hazards that are likely to arise in the erection process and provide reasonable design features to preclude potential peril in the design phase of the Arabian Canal Project Infrastructure. The process provides practical information to Parsons Design Engineers to assist them in identifying constructability issues hazards of equipment and systems used in the construction of the Arabian Canal Project Infrastructure. It offers practical principles that can be applied to control additional constructability issues hazards found on the building site, in structural components, and from materials, processes, and procedures employed during construction and maintenance. This process is for developing the skills of Parsons Engineers to control many kinds of constructability issues hazards at th e time of design or before work begins on site to achieve optimal constructability and safety throughout the construction process and the life cycle of the Arabian Canal Project Infrastructure. International studies have concluded that approximately sixty (60%) percent of all fatal accidents in construction arise from faulty design or insufficient planning. While the exact percentage remains the subject of debate and discussion, a number of this magnitude challenges those who manage the process of design to save lives and money simply by application of improved engineering practices. Such perspective should be a revelation to Parsons Engineers who are accustomed to view the majority of accidents in the construction industry as attributable to the routine chaos of the construction site. To do so would focus more on prevention than ever before. The objective of this process is to develop and/or expand engineering principles of constructability safer design for construction and the life cycle of the Arabian Canal Project Infrastructure. To accomplish this task we shall draw from four pioneering approaches to constructability safer design. These approaches which form the corn erstone of modern system safety engineering principles are the following: Eliminate the hazard if possible, or; Provide guarding to prevent contact with the hazard, and; Provide safety factors to minimize the hazard, and; Provide redundancy to confine the hazard. All four applications necessarily involve highly focused Parsons Engineers. Though these principles have been extended, there is still no methodology to simplify these principles and incorporate them into a simple methodology. Start of the process develops methodology for identifying constructability issues hazards then matching the issue or hazard with design features and/or safety appliances for the prevention of the hazard. This will highlight the role of the Parsons Engineer as a designer. When the Parsons Engineer places emphasis on constructability hazard prevention by designing out the hazards inherent to construction processes, products, or facilities, the circumstances that produce construction interferences injuries will be drastically reduced. The second section provides the Parsons Engineer with a system for identifying hazards with an insight into the nature of hazards and guidance that categorizes the hazards into manageable groups. Specific identification of the different types of hazards in the design stage streamlines the hazard elimination process by providing guidelines to determine general control measures. This process will provide Parsons Engineers with easy principles of system safety adaptable to design and constructability that ensure for the elimination and control of hazards. Then it will provide a method to quantify the ability of design improvements to prevent injury, death, and damage in terms of reliability. For instance, before a construction project even begins, the construction manager faces the potential constructability issues and hazards of faulty design by the architect, defective design of the equipment that must be used, and hazards within the construction site or property. To successfully control constructability issues and hazards during the project, these obstacles and hazards must be identified and addressed during design and planning stages. This process distills system safety methodology into five principles that focus on hazard identification, isolation, and control through constructability, innovative technology and applied science. A design matrix provides a check sheet to ensure potential loss exposures have been identified and controlled before the design has left the drafting room. Practical application of this method eliminates or controls potential constructability issues and hazards. In a world of exponential increases in technology, Parsons Engineers have new and exciting options available to them. Parsons Engineers who can think outside the box will find many opportunities to re-engineer products using new materials and informational devices in a way that produces a constructible and safer product or process. Constructability Safety In-Design Compliance Procedure Engineering Department Procedure Constructability Safety In-Design Compliance Program Parsons Constructability Safety-in-Design (CSID) program is an ongoing implementation and confirmation effort relating to a projects safety requirements. Parsons CSID approach evaluates and resolves hazard analysis relating to the mitigation of personnel and public hazards in a facilitys construction and operation, adherence to code requirements, and beneficial safe design practices. The Parsons CSID process begins with implementing the Constructability Safety-In-Design Compliance Procedure and supported by the Parsons Constructability Safety In Design Process Guide. The Parsons comprehensive Constructability Design for Safety Training Process ensures the project staff fully understands the CSID processes and continually works to ensure complete implementation. The CSID review committee will be tasked with completing the Constructability reviews. The Parsons Constructability review is a review of the plans and specifications to check for build ability and bid ability. When reviewing for build ability, Parsons checks for the completeness of the drawings. This includes a cross-check between the various disciplines (electrical, mechanical, architectural, structural, plumbing, civil, and landscaping, etc.) to coordinate pipeline sizes locations, power capacities, road and bridge layout and sizing, and other major components that are essential to build the infrastructure. Additionally, there may be dimensional errors in calculating radius building plots that impact structural steel, site concrete, light bollards, and landscape. Critical dimensions are reviewed to prevent building delays, bidding errors and to ensure the complete project is capable of being under written for insurability. When checking for bid ability, Parsons Constructability R eview Team performs an extensive review of details, notes, sections, elevations, site plans and specifications. As in any contract, the best contract is without ambiguity, error, conflict, and leaves little to interpretation. This review crosschecks the use of detail references and confirms consistent use of building finishes to specifications and other plan details. The work product of the review is a list of comments and a marked-up set of the plans and specifications to be reviewed by the project stake holders. The list of comments is created using the Parsons Constructability Assessment Register so the list can be modified and prioritized by other team members. (It also serves as a checklist to confirm the incorporation of the comments to the documents before going to bid.) A standard procedure to mark-up the drawings with changes is established. For example, green pen will be used to highlight question areas, orange pen will be used if the question is answered as the review continues, blue pen will be used to make corrections, and yellow pen to verify the information was input into the Constructability Assessment Register. Using this standard mark-up policy, the constructability team can clearly show all stake holders the process of how each comment was generated. Additionally, the incorporation of a change is easier to compare the marked-up sheet to the existing design. After the plans and specifications have been marked-up, each comment will be input into the Parsons Initial Hazard Evaluation Register. The process of inputting the information is not just a clerical process, but also a final pass of the plans and specifications. Often additional comments are generated or questions are answered. Once the comments are inputted, the Parsons Constructability Review Team will prepare a narrative explaining the format of the comments and the general outcome of the review. The constructability report (the narratives and comments) will be forwarded to the stakeholders and a meeting scheduled to review the comments. The opportunities to create safer workplaces are most cost effective when captured in the earliest phases of the lifecycle of designed products or processes. The most effective risk control measure eliminating the hazard is often cheaper and more practical to achieve at the design or planning stage, rather than making changes later in the lifecycle when the hazards become real risks to clients, users, employees and businesses. The constructability review will ensure the completed project is insurable, reduce bidders questions, increase the likelihood of competitive bids, reduce RFIs, and change orders and delays during the bid and construction process. It is much easier and less costly to make the changes to the plans and specifications prior to bid, rather than during construction. A constructible safe design approach results in many benefits, including: Prevention of injury and disease, Improved use ability of products, systems and facilities, Improved productivity reduced costs, Better prediction and management of production and operational costs over the lifecycle of a product, Compliance with legislation, Innovation, in that constructible safe design demands new thinking Reducing over all project Increase construction practicality, Eliminates errors and ensures project schedule completion in a timely manner Provides the owner and all stakeholders to have the opportunity to ensure the design is fully acceptable to their standards and expectations Address the life cycle environmental impacts and improves the over all preservation of resources Reduces the life cycle expenses associated with operations and maintenance The lifecycle of a product is a key concept of sustainable and constructible safe design that provides a framework for eliminating the hazards and improving the constructability at the design stage and/or controlling the risk as the infrastructure is: constructed, installed, commissioned, used or operated, maintained, repaired, modified, de-commissioned, demolished and/or dismantled, and disposed of or recycled. The Parsons CSID is a tool to assist designers, engineers, constructors, clients and other key stakeholders to come together to reduce construction, maintenance, repair and demolition safety risks associated with design. Parsons CSID recognizes that a design involves key considerations such as operability, aesthetics and economics with the elements of safety. It also acknowledges that a design process may be determined by many different stakeholders and/or influences. The CSID methodology aims to involve these elements and influences. By proactively considering construction, maintenance, repair and demolition issues, the CSID framework should not only help reduce the number of construction industry incidents, but also assist in improving constructability and reducing the life cycle costs associated with building the infrastructure design project. There is a balance of responsibilities between a designer, a constructor and other relevant stakeholders, such as clients or specialist consultants. It is important that all participants highlight unusual safety risks associated with a design and required construction. As outlined in the Parsons CSID process all those involved should: identify the hazards presented by potential design solutions and consider the risks these hazards will generate for construction workers and others who may be affected by the construction work (e.g. members of the public); include health and safety considerations amongst the design options so that they can avoid the hazards, reduce their impact or introduce control measures to protect those at risk where it is re a s o n a b l y practicable; forewarn the contractor of the residual hazards that have been identified within the design and will need to be managed during the construction work. Eliminating the hazard is the first risk control that should obviously be considered. If the hazard cannot be eliminated (for example eliminating risks associated with maintenance by using aluminum/stainless steel, which requires no regular painting), risk can be minimized by using a series of steps known as the hierarchy of risk control. Including: substituting the system of work or plant with something safer (e.g. pre-assembled equipment at ground level rather than height); modifying the system of work or plant to make it safer (e.g. ensure attachment points for lifting, window cleaning, safety lines, etc.); isolating the hazard (e.g. introduce restricted areas); introducing engineering controls (e.g. prevent falls from buildings during construction/maintenance by increasing wall/edge height). Only when the above constructible and risk control options have been exhausted should consideration (and more importantly reliance) be given to personal protective equipment (e.g. safety harnesses) or adopting administrative controls such as hazard warning signs. Design is the process of considering options. In developing and understanding these options, there is also the ability to improve safety and reduce costs. For example, the costs associated with assembling large scale scaffolding may far exceed the costs associated with alternate design and/or construction materials. Similarly, an emphasis placed on achieving a design that would be safe and efficient to erect, rather than the traditional approach of minimizing steel tonnage, did result in lower project costs. Essentially, given the opportunity to consider the design in a formal and systematic way, a smarter design results and a smarter design invariably leads to a safer design. The following subjects are included in this program: Personnel life safety Safe facility startup Safe facility shutdown Intrinsically safe designs Structural integrity (e.g., seismic, wind, safe loading, equipment support, etc.) Considerations for operating a facility safely Parsons defines project safety requirements as internal or external (Employer) specification, government code, manual, policy, standard, and safe practice that pertains to providing safe and healthful facilities for personnel. The Standard Industry Codes and Standards (or publishers of basic codes and standards), which pertain to safe design practices, will be utilized by the Parsons Design team. The project design team will also include requirements of the Development project objectives and goals, the requirements of Dubai Municipality and its agencies, and other specific Employer requirements or best practices. The Project Manager and Design Manager will be responsible for coordinating and confirming the special constructability and safety requirements for the design elements for the project work. The Project Manager and Design Manager together with the QA/QC manager will verify the appropriate reviews have been performed related to Constructability Safety In Design. The Design Manager will be responsible for establishing the Employer requirements checklists, which include safety-related industry codes/and standards and local/city code requirements. The Design Manager will also direct and coordinate the work of engineers and designers assigned to the project accomplish the Constructability Safety In Design objectives and requirements. Purpose This procedure describes Engineering Department policy for application of the Constructability Safety-In-Design (CSID) Compliance Program. Engineering/design practices and principles contained in this document are intended generally to be applied to all types of facilities during each projects planning and design phase. Constructible Safe design practices rely on the correct use of current basic code requirements, existing design standards, client requirements, and any other known safety considerations that assist in safeguarding against unsafe conditions and help manage unsafe materials and hazardous acts causing illness or bodily harm to workers. Enhances building information modeling and enables design success related to sustainability, security, design-build, risk management, hazard mitigation, insurability and performance-based design. Promotes team building among client, designer and contractor, emphasizing the success of the project instead of the success of the individual, thereby minimizing the commoditization of engineering. Provides ongoing feedback from clients, users, and contractors to the design team, eliminating scope surprises. Reduces total project costs and engineering scope creep, improving profitability. Involves construction expertise in the design phase, identifying field issues and avoiding obstacles, unnecessary construction costs, and lawsuits. Improves the quality of construction documents, minimizing change orders and subsequent post-construction claims. Improves the quality of the next design, incorporating feedback from the field. Figure : Constructability Logic Diagram Definitions Safety As a noun safety shall be understood to mean the condition of being safe from (or causing) harm, injury, or loss. As a verb safety shall be understood to mean protection against failure, breakage, or accident. Constructability Safety In-Design Program Parsons CSID compliance program is an ongoing implementation and confirmation effort relating to a projects constructability safety requirements. Also included are hazard analysis resolutions relating to the mitigation of personnel hazards in a facilitys operation, adherence to code requirements, and safe design practices beneficial to personnel. The following subjects are included in this program. Personnel life safety Safe facility startup Safe facility shutdown Intrinsically safe designs Structural integrity (e.g., seismic, wind, safe loading, equipment support, etc.) Considerations for operating a facility safely Owner/operation procedure supplement Operating sufficiency/redundancy Economic design Ease of maintenance Environmental compliance Construction safety Failure analysis (except for life safety systems) Supplier product/safety responsibilities Safety and Personnel Hazards Typical safety and personnel hazards in operating facilities include, but are not limited to: Fires Explosions Falls Tripping and clearance deficiencies Structural degradation and improperly supported elements Electrical shock Chemical burns and fumes Suffocation Excessive sound levels Use of, and/or exposure to, toxic construction materials (e.g., urethane and asbestos) Toxic materials handling Potable water contamination (e.g., sanitary sewer/process sewer) Radiation nuclear Magnetic fields Use of microwaves Inadequate lighting (eyestrain and darkness) Ergonomic deficiencies (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome and muscular strain) Materials handling (e.g., overheads, conveyors) Moving machinery parts (e.g. guards, over speed, vibration, emergency stop/lockout) Hazardous spills Moving objects (obstructed vision) Inadequacy of alarms/communication systems Unanticipated structural loading (e.g. large number of people on platforms) Hazard Analysis A hazard analysis is generally intended to identify and examine hazards during all phases of design, construction, and operations, as applicable to the requirements of each project. This analysis includes hazards and operability (HAZOP) studies, what-if evaluations, failure mode and effects analyses (FMEA), and event-tree and fault-tree analyses. Hazard analysis is not a function of the Engineering Department but is handled by others. On some projects, hazard analysis is performed by the client. Constructability Safety Systems Typical Constructability safety systems include, but are not limited to, the following three categories. Monitoring Systems Fire and smoke detection alarms Toxic material sensors and alarms Critical sampling systems Constructability Safety Device Systems (permanent and in-place) Safe electrical voltages near personnel Explosive protection Protective material coverings Adequate exiting and door hardware Shielding Fall protection Ladder clearances and cages Stair handrails, platform handrails, and toe plates Operability of valves Machinery guards Safety color coding Signage Emergency stop switches Equipment-keyed lockout switches Emergency Protection Systems (activated by an incident) Eyewash and safety-shower stations Emergency/exit lighting Emergency communications Emergency alarms Fire sprinklers Emergency exit facilitation devices (e.g., slides) Electrical circuit protection (e.g., circuit breakers and fuses) Constructability Safety In-Design Process Guide Constructability and Safe Design Concepts Specific aims and goals in the beginning of this process address the theories and methodology of constructability, hazard identification and the development of design features to eliminate the obstacles and hazard and/or minimize the probability of constructability and injury or damage failure mode. Constructability and safety engineering should include the process of systematically controlling constructability issues and hazards through design considerations or with the use of safety appliances. Principle One: Definition of a Hazard and Constructability To begin to address constructability safer design principles in construction and the life of the Arabian Canal Project Infrastructure, one must first understand the actual nature of constructability and hazards. A specific definition of constructability and hazards provides the Parsons Engineer with a basis to develop a methodology for planning and evaluating the construction and the life cycle of the Arabian Canal Project Infrastructure process for constructability and safety ensuring for design of constructible, safe systems and equipment. The undertaking of such construction design principles leads to safe operation of a completed facility. What a hazard is in practical terms: Definition: A hazard is an unsafe physical condition that is always in one of three modes- Dormant/Latent (unable to cause harm), Armed (can cause harm), Active (causing injury, death, and/or damage by releasing unwanted energy, substances, biological agents, and or defective computations from computer software. In greater detail, a dormant/latent hazard is a design defect that is susceptible to a failure mode. Foreseeable misuse should also be considered (a kitchen chair may be used to stand on to reach upper cabinets and needs to be sturdy enough to prevent collapse.) The armed hazard is created by a change of circumstances and is ready to cause harm (the chair may have a big knot on one leg). The active hazard is an armed hazard triggered into action (when the chair is stepped on the knot cannot support the additional load and the chair leg collapses, causing a fall.) Definition: Constructability is the optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning, design, and procurement and field operations to achieve the overall project objectives. The basis of constructability concept is that experienced construction personnel need to be involved with the project from the earliest stages to ensure that the construction focus and their experience can properly influence the owners, planners, and designers, as well as material suppliers. This does not necessarily mean that the design or project objectives should be changed to meet constructability only from a cost standpoint. Constructability should be used as a design consideration, so that optimum results provide the best of both worlds. Parsons approach to the Arabian Canal Project Infrastructure Design will emphasize constructability with various characteristics and be implemented as design progresses. Parsons Design and construction managers are committed to the cost effectiveness of the whole project. They recognize the high cost influence of early project decisions. Parsons managers use constructability as a major tool in meeting project objectives concerning quality, cost and schedules. Parsons managers bring construction aboard early. This means using experienced personnel who have a full understanding of how a project is planned and built. Parsons Designers are receptive to improving constructability. They think constructability, request construction input freely, and evaluate that input objectively. Early constructability efforts result in a significant payback to the project. Industry research has cited cost reductions of between 6 and 23 percent, benefit/cost ratios of up to 10:1, and large schedule reductions. The intangible benefits are as important as the quantitative benefits and must be recognized accordingly. These include; more accurate schedules, increased productivity, improved sequence of construction, enhanced quality, decreased maintenance, and a safer job. Parsons will provide input to the planning and design from the standpoint of project intent, constructability, safety, operation and maintenance. This will be accomplished through field reconnaissance with designers and reviews of design documents at various stages of development. Obtaining feedback from maintenance personnel at this point is very important, since they ultimately live with the finished product and are aware of previous construction deficiencies. The reviews will be scheduled during both the Conceptual Development and the Design phases. Principle Two: Establish a Standard of Constructability and Safe Design Constructability and Safety must be converted into a powerful design priority and overriding planning concern to be effective. It must rely primarily on the physical elimination of each construction obstacle and hazard, rather than upon human performance, which is variable and cannot be programmed, to avoid the obstacle or hazard. Through the evaluation and close scrutiny of each activity, task or phase of the construction process we are able to identify possible failure modes to identify hazardous conditions. A well-known tenet of safety engineering states Any hazard that has the potential for serious injury or death is always unreasonable and always unacceptable if reasonable design features and/or the use of safety appliances are available to prevent the hazard. The key to successful safety engineering is to identify and design out as many hazards as possible. When this tenet is applied as a design standard, it becomes a routine expectation to design out hazards, thus changing a dangerous facility, product or service into a safer one. The identification of construction obstacles and hazards is the basic building block to ensure for a safe construction and operation during the life cycle of the Arabian Canal Project Infrastructure. Often the same construction obstacle or hazard that has been causing injury, damage, or down time surfaces uncontrolled on multiple occasions. Falling loads due to two blocking were recurring hazards on construction sites for many years. This trend stopped when anti-two blocking devices were installed by manufacturers on all new cranes and retrofitted onto most cranes in the field. By relying on our past experiences, remembering backwards is not all that difficult to begin to control construction obstacles and hazards. Principle Three: Categorizing the Hazard Hazard Source The third step in hazard identification is to determine which of the following seven categories contains the source of the hazard: Hazard Source Natural Environment Structural/Mechanical Electrical Chemical Radiant Energy Biological Automated Systems Artificial Intelligence Now the hazard can be binned into a convenient box or boxes. Each of these boxes contains just a few examples that serve as a starting point for the Parsons Engineer to begin to focus on the nature of the hazard. These topics are meant to be a starting point to develop additional listings for failure modes. It is important to note that hazard categories may overlap or fall into one or more groups. It is common to encounter a hazard that contains simultaneous natural, mechanical, and chemical properties. In these cases, specific hazards should be broken down into as many individual properties as possible. Natural Environment The first box is our natural environment. The laws of gravity cannot be repealed, nor can the weather be programmed or the ocean drained. The following are a few hazard source possibilities that the Parsons Engineer must contend with in the natural environment. Natural Environment Gravity Falls same level Fall from elevation Falling objects Impact Acceleration Slopes Upset Rollover Sliding Unstable surfaces Water Floating Sinking Drowning Atmosphere Change in Altitude Humidity Wind Visibility (fog, etc.) Dust Temperature Limitations on Human Performance Structural/Mechanical Hazards The second box delineates mechanical hazards. As engineers we must consider their mechanical advantage, but also their possible danger. Structural/Mechanical Hazards Surfaces Lack of Traction Unstable Surfaces Tripping Incline Steps Ladders Lever Rotation Wheels Gears Pulley Screw Auger Cams

Aristotelian Intellectual Intuition, Basic Beliefs and Naturalistic Epistemology :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Aristotelian Intellectual Intuition, Basic Beliefs and Naturalistic Epistemology ABSTRACT: I first argue that Aristotelian intellectual intuition (recognizing archai through epagoge and seeing their truth by recognizing their explanatory power through nous) generates basic beliefs which are not inferred — inductively or deductively — from other beliefs. Both involve synthetic intuitive insight. Epagoge grasps a connection and nous sees its general applicability. I next argue that such beliefs are properly basic by adapting an argument made by Hilary Kornblith. According to Kornblith, the world is objectively divided into natural kinds. We humans perceive the world divided into natural kinds. There is empirical evidence suggesting that we divide the world not only as it is objectively divided, but in making inductive inferences, that is, in inferring that an object will have certain properties on the basis of its having others. This grounds the reliability of (certain) inductive inferences. But the leading principles (in Peirce’s sense) of the se inferences are basic beliefs generated through intellectual intuition. Hence intellectual intuition generates certain properly basic beliefs. For Aristotle science is demonstration from first principles. But how does one arrive at these first principles? We observe particular instances and record those observations in memory. This material generates a logos, a meaning. (1) This is the process of epagoge which frames or formulates the archai. We recognize that archai are true, we come to believe them, by the operation of nous. Through nous we come to recognize the explanatory power of archai. In recognizing this, that the archai are true to the facts, we recognize their truth. Particular experiences suggest a certain arche. But nous lets us see that this arche "is the way in which the facts can be understood." (2) But, as Randall emphasizes, nous does not intuit the explanatory power of these archai independently of, or in abstraction from, the facts they explain. "Nous does not `see' the truth of archai by holding them up, in isolation ..., and just staring at them; it `sees' their truth in the subject matter." (3) Does intellectual intuition generate basic beliefs? Experience suggests archai; nous grasps their truth by seeing that they explain certain facts. Are these archai then inferred beliefs, inferred from the facts they allegedly explain? Are they conclusions of arguments whose premises describe these facts? Aristotle views science as deductive system. The arche of that science would not be deduced from more basic first principles.